I offer these words by Russian
novelist, historian, and outspoken critic of the Soviet Union and communism, Aleksandr
Solzhenitsyn, for reflection: “If only it were all so
simple! If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil
deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and
destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of
every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his[her/their] own
heart?”
Here are some Unitarian
Universalist Views of Evil.
Reverend Paul Rasor:
"Unitarian Universalists and other religious liberals
have always emphasized the positive aspects of the divine and human nature. As
a result, critics sometimes charge that liberals don’t truly understand the
reality of evil…For religious liberals, evil is not a supernatural force locked
in a cosmic struggle against the forces of good. Liberals also do not worry much
about the traditional “theodicy” problem—how evil can exist if God is both
all-loving and all-powerful. For liberals, evil is neither a demonic spirit nor
a philosophical dilemma, but a reality to respond to and confront."
Reverend Victoria Stafford:
"Sometimes
I use a very subjective, almost subconscious barometer when reading the news of
the day and deciding whether some action bears the weight of the word evil. It’s
not the magnitude of an event, nor the cold-heartedness of those involved, nor even
the historical impact. It’s the degree of heartbreak that I feel: beyond sorrow
or horror, a sense that something has been blasted apart, a shattering of hope,
the collapse of what I thought or wished were true about the world and human
nature. There are some truths, some news, that break the heart—not permanently,
but utterly, for a while, as the realization forms perhaps for the thousandth
time: this, too, is part of our humanity. Evil is the capacity, within us and
among us, to break sacred bonds with our own souls, with one another, and with
the holy. Further, it is the willingness to excuse or justify this damage, to
deny it, or to call it virtue. The soil in which it flourishes is a rich
compost of ignorance, arrogance, fear, and delusion—mostly self-delusion—all
mingled with the sparkling dust of our original, human being."
Reverend
Judith Meyer:
"What is
evil? An aspect of human nature. Apply enough pressure to any of us and
something ugly will surface. Evil isn’t some malevolent power floating around
in the universe, waiting to penetrate some unsuspecting soul. We do it all by
ourselves. To acknowledge evil is to see something we don’t want to see. We all
cultivate an idealized view of ourselves. Self-knowledge takes hard work. Overcoming
evil begins with being honest. Reckoning with evil is more than an internal
struggle. Evil surfaces in the cycles of violence we perpetrate as a society,
often out of a misguided sense of necessity. It is a studied ignorance that
keeps us not only from examining ourselves but also from looking critically at
the institutions we create. The power to overcome evil has as much to do with
overcoming our numbness and helplessness about what is wrong in our world as it
does with mastering our impulses. Whether humanity will ever be free of the
cycle of violence, we cannot say… But the change begins only when we are
willing to learn the truth, and dedicate that fearful knowledge to the struggle."
Reverend
Abhi Janamanchi:
"I see evil
as the willful separation from, and lack of concern for, the “common good.” Evil occurs when the capacity for empathy
exists and is ignored; when better alternatives for being in right relationship
are ignored; when we fail to act on the imperative to correct the discrepancy between
what is and what ought to be; and when we resist our powerful impulses to be,
and do, good. … We are products of our
evolutionary heritage and our cultural history. We might transform evil if we
recognize our own complicity in the processes which engender and sustain it. We
will overcome evil when we refuse to play the game or to be silent, when we
make a determined effort to understand evil as a possibility that awaits
transformation. Then we might inhabit a safer, more peaceful, and more just
world."
Sermon:
As
Unitarian Universalists, we don’t talk much, if at all, about evil. And yet, there that word is in one of our Sources. “We affirm and promote the words and deeds of
prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil
with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love. Perhaps we don’t talk evil about because of
Universalist forebears who didn’t believe in a hell or a devil. Perhaps we don’t talk about evil because of
our Unitarian forebears who believed that we could overcome our basest
instincts. Perhaps we don’t talk about
evil because our humanist forebears who found this term too related to the
supernatural. But friends, if we get tripped up in even
examining the work “evil”, how on earth are we as a denomination—or a
congregation—going to be able to confront powers and structures of evil?
We have a pluralist community here. Each of us has a different belief systems. We each have very different understandings of
what evil is and how we confront it, within and outside ourselves. As you heard during the readings, not even
Unitarian Universalist ministers have a unified understanding of evil. Just like we don’t have to have to think
alike to love alike, so to we don’t have to have a line-by-line shared
understanding of evil in order to confront it.
The dictionary isn’t much help either, defining evil with language such as:
morally reprehensible, sinful, wicked, arising from actual or imputed bad
character or conduct, causing discomfort or repulsion, offensive, disagreeable,
causing harm, and my personal favorite: marked by misfortune.
I think part and parcel of defining
what is “evil” is an understanding of “why” something is evil; what makes
something—a person, an act, a power structure—“evil”? If we choose to say to ourselves, well that
word means nothing to me, does it necessarily follow that evil doesn’t
exist? The word “guddle” didn’t mean
anything to me until I looked it up, but it still existed. By the way “guddle” means “to fish with one’s
hands by groping under the stones or banks of a stream.”
For today’s sermon, I suggest that
we agree on a few things about a definition of evil so we can explore a few
ideas. First the definition of evil we
will use today is not based on the devil or demons or supernatural
intervention. In the UU World, Patrick
O’Neil (winter 2007) wrote: “We UUs do not have the “easy” solution of a
theology that blames all evil on the workings of some devil. But many of us
have witnessed unspeakable human acts that can only be described as evil: in
Auschwitz, Cambodia, Dresden, Rwanda, and in the barbarity of biological germ
warfare. Some formalists would argue that the very existence of evil in the
world would seem to negate our humanist valuing of [affirming and promoting
the] dignity and worth in every person, expressed in the First Principle of
Unitarian Universalism.” I have
certainly struggled with the balance of affirming our First Principles and
confronting horrible atrocities, serial killers, and other human behaviors that
have harmed so many. Worth and dignity
for these people? Really? My first response more often is a great deal
of anger and fear. Anger at what was
done; and fear that this kind of violence might happen to me or someone I love.
But back to a definition of evil to
start with for today: harm done by one
person to one or more creations (people, animal or planet), either directly (intentionally)
or sideways.
Okay, what is “sideways”? There is a potential to do harm within all
of us, harm that has its roots in pain we have experienced due to unresolved hurt,
guilt, or resentment, or a lack having some psychological need met that
resulted in a hole within a person’s personality. Think of that potential in terms of a tea
kettle on a burner. There is pain
bubbling up within, and eventually the pressure builds up to the point it has
to spew out somewhere, often hurting an unintended victim. The pain comes out sideways. Even as we explore this definition, we also
need to consider how our personal understanding of evil affects each one of us.
Let me bring us back to “confronting
powers and structures of evil”. Let’s
say that you believe that evil people are doing evil things, now I am not
saying demon-possessed people, but perhaps you believe that there are certain
people who lack empathy, lack compassion, or are only interested in making
money or gaining power. Perhaps leaders
in government, leaders in corporations, people in certain neighborhoods, people
with certain spiritual beliefs. Now, how
does your personal understanding of evil affect how you perceive these people? Do you perceive them as “other”, as objects,
things that have nothing in common with you?
After all, objects can’t be hurt, objects can’t be wounded—things don’t
have feelings. It becomes easy to harm
them without guilt; speak ill of them without regret; ignore their needs,
feelings, opinions without a second thought.
I like to believe most of us get angry or feel sad when we hear people say
that all Muslims are terrorists, that Gays and Lesbians have an agenda to
convert my children, or that Blacks are abusing the social security
system. We can hear the harm and
irrationality—the evil--of these statements.
In the words we heard from Reverend Stafford earlier, “beyond sorrow or
horror, a sense that something has been blasted apart, a shattering of hope,
the collapse of what I thought or wished were true about the world and human
nature. There are some truths … that break the heart—not permanently, but
utterly, for a while, as the realization forms perhaps for the thousandth time:
this, too, is part of our humanity.”
This, too, is part of who we, as a
species are. Just because we might not
be committing “unspeakable acts” doesn’t mean we don’t have the capacity to do
so, and I think that’s a hard concept for Unitarian Universalists to come to terms
with. Unitarian Universalists are not
fluffy bunnies of eternal sweetness and light.
We’re human, just like the serial rapists, the murderers, the so-called
evil doers. We’re all of us human.
Let me share something that Reverend
Erik Walker Wikstrom preached: “The problem of evil, as I see it, is that we
are so readily tempted to imagine that it’s out there, separated from us over
here; that it belongs to them and not us.
And that, I believe, is ultimately the root and the design of evil—to
make us categorize the world into us and them rather than recognizing our
common kinship…the core of our Unitarian Universalist faith—and the core of all
the religious faiths that I know of—points to the truth that we are all a part
of a family that includes all of creation…’the interdependent web of all
existence’…so I believe that a working definition of ‘evil’ could be ‘whatever
distracts us from our essential relatedness.’ Walker goes on to quote
psychoanalyst Carl Jung: ‘The individual who wishes to have an answer to the
problem of evil has need, first and foremost self-knowledge, that is, in the
utmost possible knowledge of his/her/their own wholeness. He/She/They must know relentlessly how much
good he/she/they can do, and what crimes/harm he/she/they is capable of, and
must be aware of reading the one as real and the other as illusion…both are
bound to come to light in him/her/them.”
If we are to live for the good, we can only do so without self-deception
or self-delusion.
So if we affirm what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
said in our opening words that “the line dividing good and evil cuts through
the heart of every human being”, we are called to do two things, one, manage
the potential to do harm within ourselves, and two, show love and compassion to
those who have done harm. Even those who
have harmed us. Especially those who
have harmed us. Think in terms of “think
globally, act locally.” Are we willing to choose that hard route of showing
compassion and the transformative power of love not only to ourselves, to those
we love, and to those we know have the capacity to change, but also to those
who continue to do harm, who have committed terrible atrocities, to those we
believe are evil? Are we able to affirm
possibility in evil behavior rather than pathology or ill intent in
others?
It
ain’t easy, folks. No one said Unitarian
Universalism was easy. Yes, we have to set
boundaries to protect us from harm, yes, we can’t forget the past behaviors
that have harmed us or those we care about.
But we can have healthy boundaries and be informed by our experiences
and still have empathy, and recognize our own complicity in the process which
engenders and sustains evil. We can
still open our heart to those in need, both abuse victim and abuser.
Let me share one story. About 15 plus years ago, the Pasadena Police
Department asked me to provide group therapy to men who had been arrested for
domestic violence; all had committed physical violence, mostly to their
spouses. The Police Department owned a
small run-down strip center just off the downtown area of Pasadena. I went by the facility before the group began,
just to get my bearings. This was not a
safe part of town, wheel-less cars in front yards, lawns unmowed, and rough looking
people hanging around small barbeque pits drinking beers were just a block away
from this mostly abandoned strip mall where I was to hold the group. So not only was I uneasy about working with
violent men, I was in a very scary neighborhood. Therapy was to take place at nighttime and
there was nobody else in the strip mall but me and these violent men.
Before attending the first meeting, I have to say my fear, and yes I
felt anger too, came from my belief that these men were evil; I believed that
they had intentionally harmed someone they loved to gain power and exert
control. I felt my job was to meet with
these evil people and try to convert them into good people. What flaw in logic do you already see in this
statement? These men were not pure
evil. Like all of us, they had the
potential for harm within themselves and it had come out sideways toward
someone they loved. Most of them didn’t
have any support system, didn’t have the skills to manage their emotions,
didn’t have the verbal skills to respectfully engage in civil dialogue about
difficult issues. All of them genuinely
regretted their behavior. They were
trying to stop their violence, but many had slipped. They had no reason to be anything other than
honest with me or each other. I wasn’t
there to judge them, and no one else could judge them either because they were
all there for the same reason. I was
there to help them and they were there to help each other. As I overcame my prejudices and fear and
anger, as I taught them skills, as I showed them compassion, as I saw them as
flawed, but having the potential to change, and as I offered them unconditional
love, they did transform, they did change, they were able to mange the evil impulses
within and actualize the good within. I
followed up with some of them after their court-required treatment with me and
in fact they were continuing to do well.
That experience, and countless others besides, taught me to “make a
determined effort to understand evil as a possibility that awaits
transformation.” These are more than
just words to me; I’ve seen it happen.
Evil is not a thing, but an aspect of us all, the potential within us all to do harm, to
cause suffering, to react without thinking of the consequences. And evil is the part of ourselves and others
that awaits transformation, that awaits a confrontation with compassion and the
transforming power of love. “Evil cuts
through the heart of every human being.
And who is willing to destroy a piece of his [her/their] own
heart?”
